Skematisk diagram af lithiumjernfosfatenergilagringskredsløb

How is the phase diagram of Li-Si system calculated?

The phase diagram of the Li–Si system was calculated using thermodynamic description developed by Liang et al. [ 22 ], as shown in Fig. 16. This figure includes both equilibrium state (solid line) and metastable (dashed line) phase diagrams.

What is a stable Li Si phase diagram?

This figure includes both equilibrium state (solid line) and metastable (dashed line) phase diagrams. The stable Li–Si phase diagram includes five Li–Si intermediate compounds at ambient temperature, and one high temperature compound, Li 4.11 Si, between 500-620 °C.

How is the Li-Sb phase diagram calculated?

Based on the experimental data, the Li–Sb phase diagram has been calculated using the CALPHAD approach by Refs. [ 23, 24] and obtained similar results in both works. The results shown in Fig. 19 are taken from Li et al. [ 24 ].

What happens when lithium enters the three phases?

When entering the three phases (LiCuO, Li 2 O and Cu) region, the voltage suddenly drops to 1.975 V, which is very close to the experimental value [ 56 ]. The voltage changes continuously in the range of two phases Cu–Li 2 O region to the invariant equilibrium under participation of metallic lithium (0 V).

What happens during lithiation process if voltage is lower than 60 mV?

Electrochemical experiments indicate that during lithiation process instead of appearance of the stable Li–Si compounds, the Si crystal becomes amorphous and forms the metastable Li 15 Si 4 phase when the voltage is lower than 60 mV [ , , , , ].