What are Gallium and Germanium and which countries are …
Gallium is found in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite, and gallium metal is produced when processing bauxite to make aluminium. Germanium ores are rare and most germanium is a by-product ...
Germanium: Current and Novel Recovery Processes
Germanium (Ge) is considered a critical element due to its many industrial applications; Ge is a metalloid used in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, chemotherapy, and polymerization catalysis. The main sources of Ge are sulfides ores of Zn, Pb, and Cu, coal deposits, as well as by-products and residues from the processing of these ores and coals …
Recovery and separation of gallium(III) and germanium(IV) from zinc ...
In this research, gallium and germanium were separated and recovered from zinc refinery residues by a two-stage leaching. In the first leaching stage with sulfuric acid media, 92% of zinc and 94% ...
Enhanced recovery of germanium(IV) from zinc residue leachate …
The zinc residue sample was first leached by sulfuric acid under atmospheric pressure and then membrane filtered (0.22 μm) to remove the solid particles. After that, aliquots of 100 mL native zinc residue leachate were mixed with 1 g of adsorbents and stirred at 150 rpm at 30 °C for 8 h. Subsequently, the solutions were separated by membrane ...
Germanium: the OG Digital Age metalloid
The company attributes the temporary shutdown to weak zinc prices coupled with rising costs due to inflation. During the downtime, however, Nystar is investigating the potential of investing roughly $150 million to build a …
ABB and Boliden support circular economy with Low-Carbon Zinc …
3 · With a carbon footprint that is 75 percent lower than conventional zinc, the partnership is making electrical infrastructure more sustainable. Low-Carbon Zinc is crucial for a fossil-free …
Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, …
The leaching rates of zinc and germanium in the ozone leaching are 4.05% and 10.49% higher than those of the atmospheric leaching, respectively. Therefore, it is determined that ozone in solution plays a key role in rapidly oxidizing sulfide and releasing encapsulated germanium. Sulfuric acid-ozone media can efficiently extract Zn and Ge from ...
Germanium
Germanium minerals are also present in zinc ores, and commercial production of germanium is carried out by processing zinc smelter flue dust. ... whose conductivity can be altered by an outside influence like an electric field or the impact of light. The first use of germanium on a large scale was to replace the most basic electronic component ...
On the geological availability of germanium
Based on a detailed statistical analysis of chemical data published in the scientific literature, estimates were made of the minimum amounts of recoverable Ge contained within sulphidic zinc ores and coals, given current processing technologies. It is expected that at least 119 kt (∼7 kt in zinc ores and ∼112 kt in coal) of recoverable germanium exist within …
Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024
Canada for processing and germanium recovery in the form of dioxide and tetrachloride. A zinc smelter in Clarksville, TN, produced germanium leach concentrates recovered from processing zinc concentrates from the Middle Tennessee Zinc Complex. Germanium in the form of compounds and metal was imported into the United States for
Recovery of a critical metal from electronic wastes: Germanium ...
Germanium is recognized as a critical and rare element, since it lacks primary resources and is extracted as by-product of zinc and copper refining. This element has high-tech applications in optics and electronics industries. Therefore, recycling of germanium from spent resources is an important task to create a sustainable approach for solving the concerns about …
Some Recent Advances in Germanium Recovery from Various …
Though nowadays germanium does not reach the range of popularity of other metals, i.e., rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes it a strategic metal. Though germanium can be found in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry; also, the recyclability of germanium-bearing waste …
EFFECT OF GERMANIUM ON ZINC ELECTROWINNING …
For determining the electrodeposited zinc mass, the cathodes were weighted on a precisions balance before and after each test. The theoretical mass of zinc was calculated applying the Faraday low: I nF dn i dQ ddττ = = where: I is electric current, in amperes. It is given by dQ I dτ = and i dn dτ representing the rate of reaction in moles ...
Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources
The analysis of leaching kinetics shows that the leaching reaction process of zinc and germanium is controlled by a mixture of diffusion control and chemical reaction control, and the activation ...
Recent advances in the recovery of germanium during the zinc …
Germanium plays an essential role in many high-tech fields because of its excellent electrical and optical properties. For germanium from primary resources, approximately 51.7% of it was sourced ...
Selective extraction of zinc, gallium, and germanium from zinc refinery ...
To recover zinc from electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, a process of primary normal pressure leaching and secondary alkaline pressure leaching is proposed. First, under the alkaline pressure ...
Process Optimization and Mechanism of High-efficiency …
Germanium plays an essential role in many high-tech fields because of its excellent electrical and optical properties. For germanium from primary resources, approximately 51.7% of it was sourced ...
Shares related to germanium and gallium surge on …
A worker tests semiconductor chips in a factory in Yancheng, East China''s Jiangsu Province, on April 14, 2023. Photo: VCG. Shares related to germanium and gallium concepts soared in Chinese stock ...
Review of germanium processing worldwide
The plant uses fluid bed roasting to convert the zinc sulphides, contained in zinc concentrates from domestic (80%) and foreign sources (20%), to oxides for subsequent leaching while the roaster off-gases are handled in a double contact process acid plant for the manufacture of metallurgical grade sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4) which is used internally while excess acid is …
Status and recommendations for RD&D on energy storage …
efforts within public support for RD&D on energy storage technologies in a Danish perspective. The report defines energy storage as: • Man-made (artificial) storage of energy in physical or …
GERMANIUM WORLD RESERVES WORLD PRODUCTION …
Germanium is extracted in refining zinc, and certain copper-zinc ores. It is mainly pro ducer-priced with a small dealer market. Russian entry to the market has increased the importance of dealers and weakened established price structures. GERMANIUM: REAL PRICES Index Numbe~ 1992 = 100. Producer price, zone refi ned
Recovery of germanium from synthetic leach solution of zinc …
The SSX of LIX 63 and octylphenyl acid phosphate (OPAP) combination extracted over 90% of Ge from a synthetic solution containing Ga and 92% from H 2 SO 4 leach Zn refinery residue [137].
68 GERMANIUM
The available resources of germanium are associated with certain zinc and lead-zinc-copper sulfide ores. Substantial U.S. reserves of recoverable germanium are contained in zinc deposits in Alaska, Tennessee, and Washington. Based on an analysis of zinc concentrates, U.S. reserves of zinc may contain as much as 2,500 tons of germanium.
Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022
Tennessee, and Washington. Based on an analysis of zinc concentrates, U.S. reserves of zinc may contain as much as 2,500 tons of germanium. Because zinc concentrates are shipped globally and blended at smelters, however, the recoverable germanium in zinc reserves cannot be determined. On a global scale, as little as 3% of the germanium
Leaching Behaviors of Germanium, Zinc and Iron from …
Germanium distillation residues (GDR) enriched with germanium and zinc, have important recovery values. However, they are mainly in stockpiles resulting in under-utilization of resources and environmental pollution. To address these issues, a hydrometallurgical process based on six-stage countercurrent water leaching followed by alkaline leaching was …